秸秆还田对东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统土壤水热特性及作物产量的影响

以东北半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统为研究对象,试验设传统玉米单作、花生单作、不同秸秆还田量下(30%、60%和100%)玉米‖花生轮作5个处理。通过连续3年田间定位试验,研究玉米秸秆不同还田量对农田土壤水热特性、产量及土地当量比(LER)的影响。结果表明,与传统单作相比,秸秆还田处理玉米区播前0～40 cm土壤平均含水量提高了1.9%～3.9%,花生区提高了11.0%～13.9%;成熟期,秸秆还田花生区0:00～8:00平均地温比传统单作提高了0.2℃～1.1℃,10:00～22:00平均地温较传统单作降低了0.5℃～1.0℃。2016年和2017年玉米‖花生轮作系统LER为1.05～1.16,2018年各处理LER均小于1。吉林半干旱区玉米‖花生轮作系统进行秸秆还田改善了作物播前的土壤水分状况,但对于作物产量的影响在不同年份有所差异。     

基于GIS与RS的北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变

研究北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变特征,对加强屏障带建设、改善生态环境具有重要意义。以北方防沙屏障带为研究区,根据2005、2010、2015年MODIS遥感影像,将北方防沙屏障带生态系统类型划分为森林、草地、湿地、农田、城镇、荒漠和裸地7类。采用空间统计、转移矩阵、景观指数分析法、PNTIL模型等方法,对北方防沙屏障带2005—2015年生态系统类型时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明,2005—2015年北方防沙屏障带生态系统整体呈稳定状态;从分屏障带看,内蒙古防沙屏障带荒漠面积明显减少,塔里木防沙屏障带森林面积迅速增加,而河西走廊防沙屏障带草地面积明显增加;从正/逆转换方向来看,屏障带内农田、城镇、荒漠及裸地生态系统正向转换率高于逆向转换率。10年间,在景观水平上,北方防沙屏障带斑块数量、斑块密度呈减少趋势;在类型水平上荒漠景观整体呈现破碎化萎缩的趋势特征,森林、草地向形状简单化的方向发展。研究表明,2005—2015年,北方防沙屏障带生态总体向好,治沙效果明显,但局部仍面临较大压力。     

Effect of CHOP expression knock-down on apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells

AIM:To study the effect of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) on the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial HK2 cells. METHODS:The serum mRNA levels of CHOP in the patients with acute kidney injury and healthy controls were detected by qPCR. In vitro, renal tubular epithelial HK2 cells were divided into control group, negative group (transfected with negative control siRNA), si-CHOP group (transfected with CHOP siRNA), and induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The viability of the cells was measured by MTT assay, and the apoptotic rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein levels of nuclear antigen Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot. RESULTS:Compared with the healthy controls, the serum mRNA levels of CHOP in the patients with acute kidney injury were increased significantly (P<0.05). Transfection with CHOP siRNA significantly decreased the expression of CHOP in the renal tubular epithelial HK2 cells (P<0.05). Knock-down of CHOP expression by siRNA significantly increased the viability of renal tubular epithelial HK2 cells (P<0.05), decreased the apoptotic rate (P<0.05), increased the expression of Ki-67 and PCNA (P<0.05), and down-regulated the protein level of cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:The serum mRNA levels of CHOP were increased in the patients with acute kidney injury. Knock-down of CHOP expression inhibits the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating the expression of proliferation-and apoptosis-related proteins.     

Detection of seven phytohormones in peanut tissues by ultra-highperformance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production.In this study,an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was established for separation and quantification of trans-zeatin,trans-zeatin riboside,gibberellin A_3,indol-3-acetic acid,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and jasmonic acid(JA) without any label.The sepa ration was performed on an Agilent Explus Plus C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution.The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by mass spectrum via positive electrospray ionization for trans-zeatin,transzeatin riboside,indole-3-acetic acid,and via negative electrospray ionization for gibberellin3,salicylic acid,abscisic acid,and JA.The limits of detection ranged from 0.0127 ng L~(-1) for gibberellin A_3(GA_3) to 33.26 ng L~(-1) for JA and were lower than the currently reported values in literature.The proposed method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytohormones in peanut gynophores and pods.The recoveries of the spiked phytohormones ranged from 80.20 to102.56%.The contents of seven endogenous hormones varied specifically in different development stages of peanuts.This study provides a highly sensitive and selective detection method for hormones and elucidates the growth and development of the gynophore and peanut fruit,which are controlled by seven endogenous hormones.     

广西甘蔗螟虫发生概况和动态变化

广西甘蔗对我国食糖安全起重要作用,而螟虫是影响甘蔗产业最重要害虫。因此,螟虫防治一直是科研工作者重点关注的科学问题,20世纪60年代以来研究者一直对螟虫预测预报、防治方法等进行了深入研究,但是几十年以来还是依赖化学防治为主,长期使用化学药剂,易导致害虫产生抗药性,污染环境破坏生态平衡。对螟虫种类、分布、为害特点等进行简述,重点分析广西甘蔗虫害预测预报、危害情况和防治方法等方面的历史和现状差异,并对现阶段螟虫防治存在的问题和未来发展提出了一些建议,望为广西甘蔗螟虫防治提供参考依据。     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.     

草莓白化相关病毒中国分离物全基因组分析

草莓白化相关病毒(strawberrypallidosis-associatedvirus,SPa V)属于长线形病毒科(Closteroviridae)毛形病毒属(Crinivirus),可引起草莓病害,2017年在中国首次报道。采用高通量测序、RACE和RT-PCR技术获得了SPa V中国分离物(FJ)的基因组全长。该病毒含有两条正单链基因组RNA1和RNA2。RNA1全长8 048 nt,5′和3′非编码区序列分别为264和197 nt,含有3个开放阅读框(ORF),分别编码ORF 1a/1b融合蛋白和p9蛋白。RNA2全长7 977 nt,5′和3′非编码区序列分别为248和186 nt,含有8个开放阅读框(ORF),分别编码HSP70h、CPh、CP、CPm、p7、p6、p9和p28等8个蛋白。RNA1和RNA2与美国M1分离物分别具有98.5%和99.0%的核苷酸一致性;系统发育分析结果表明,SPa V中国分离物(FJ)单独处在一个分支。对SPa V来源的小RNA的分析表明,来源于SPa V的小RAN长度以21和22 nt为主。     

菊花ClERF1基因的克隆与表达分析

以甘菊叶片为试验材料,采用RT-PCR和Tail-PCR以及生物信息学的方法,研究了甘菊ClERF1及其启动子序列特征、表达模式,以及甘菊ClERF1在低温胁迫下的响应。以期为进一步研究甘菊ClERF1功能提供参考依据。结果表明:ClERF1基因序列全长1 242 bp,最大开放阅读框(ORF)618 bp,可编码206个氨基酸。经理化性质分析,ClERF1分子量23 631.35 Da,理论等电点5.19,不稳定系数53.84,脂肪指数62.04,平均亲水性-0.786,亚细胞定位在细胞核内。系统进化树表明,ClERF1与拟南芥At3g23240亲缘关系最近,属于ERF亚家族。qRT-PCR分析表明ClERF1在叶片中表达最高,其次在茎段中。该研究克隆了ClERF1启动子序列1 534 bp,主要包括低温反应和乙烯响应元件、生长素和茉莉酸甲酯反应元件等。甘菊低温处理幼苗ClERF1表达量显著高于未低温处理的幼苗,其中5℃时ClERF1相对表达量最高。     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

Genome-edited crops: how to move them from laboratory to market

Recent breakthroughs in CRISPR technology allow specific genome manipulation of almost all crops and have initiated a revolution in precision crop breeding. Rationally-based regulation and widespread public acceptance are needed to propel genome-edited crops from laboratory to market and to translate this innovative technology into agricultural productivity.